Re: Transputer - schools

[David May <dave@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>]

I've seen this trail. But I'm not sure what you are trying to do. If it's to

port occam to ARM - good idea. 

The best way to do this is to retarget the back-end of the occam 

compiler. You'll also need a runtime for the scheduling instructions.

I've recently done a compiler for a simple language that targets 

a subset of ARM Thumb instructions - details attached. It has a 

codebuffer that deals with all of the constant pool issues. The 

instruction subset works on all current ARMs (I think). The language

is the sequential subset of the one I used during the design of the

XMOS architecture. 

I did this to teach students about computer architecture and 

compilers - but it's probably useful in other contexts! I'm working

on a much simpler architecture than the ARM subset - one that

also supports concurrency with thousands of cores. And in the

meantime it would be great to get occam compiled to ARM, 

raspberry-pi etc. 

Also - I suspect a carefully written transputer simulator would

run quite fast on a modern processor. The simulator I've attached

(for the ARM subset) runs at over 100MIPS on my ageing 

MacBook - so the compiler will bootstrap using the simulator 

in under 0.5 seconds. 

Best wishes

David

 

I've attached:

1. A description of the language, thumb subset and 
   compiler - xarmnotes.pdf

2. A simulator - armsim.c - that executes a binary in a.bin. This
   uses another file - armexec.c which is generated by another
   program - armsgen.c (you only need this if you want to 
   modify the simulator). 

3. A compiler binary - xarm.bin

4. A compiler source - xarm.x

5. Another compiler source that generates assembly code (for
which we have no assembler right now) which is easy to read.

6. A source produced using a formatter and latex - xarm.pdf.

To make this lot work, you have to compile the simulator using (eg)

gcc armsim.c

Then you can copy xarm.bin to a.bin:

cp xarm.bin a.bin

and run the simulator; the compiler binary expects source from 
standard input so the command is:

a.out <xarm.x

This will produce a binary output in a file called sim2. 

You can copy sim2 to a.bin and compile again:

cp sim2 a.bin 

a.out <xarm.x

You should be able to do this over and over again with the same 
result.

To see what is being compiled, you can compile xarma.x:

a.out <xarma.x

Now you can copy sim2 to a.bin and compile again:

cp sim2 a.bin 

a.out <xarm.x

This will produce the assembly code for the compiler,
corresponding to the code that is being executed by the
simulator. 

I also have versions that produce different loader formats
etc - as the compiler actually produces position-independent
binary in its codebuffer it should be fairly easy to bootstrap it 
to produce anything you want.    

I have not tried executing the compiler on a real ARM 
although I have run some simple programs. It has an
(undocumented) feature - if you use a constant as an 
array  the compiler will generate memory accesses 
relative to the value of the constant - this provides for
memory mapped i/o. Also if you use a constant as 
a procedure or function the compiler generates an 
SVC - this is used in the simulator to do file i/o.  

The compiler has some rough edges especially in
error reporting. I'm gradually tidying it up. 

Best wishes

David

Attachment: xarmnotes.pdf
Description: Adobe PDF document

Attachment: armsim.c
Description: Binary data

Attachment: armexec.c
Description: Binary data

Attachment: armexec.c
Description: Binary data

Attachment: xarm.bin
Description: application/macbinary

Attachment: xarm.x
Description: Binary data

Attachment: xarma.x
Description: Binary data

Attachment: xarm.pdf
Description: Adobe PDF document

 

On 28 Jun 2013, at 17:02, Ruth Ivimey-Cook wrote:

Larry Dickson wrote:

Can you go into detail about these "literal pools"? I don't remember seeing such a thing (probably it had a different name). I remember the static chain, which sounded complicated.

What I'm wondering is whether they can be avoided or simplified by following a coding convention. Then, if the other cases were done inefficiently, it would not matter so much.

ARM processors - at least the architecture available then - were limited in where they could load or save, using a single instruction, to addresses IIRC +/- 4096 bytes of the PC. If you needed an address outside of that range, you had to calculate or load the address into a register. Similarly, any non-trivial constant had to be loaded in the same way. Therefore, in ARM code you find, between blocks of opcodes, these pools or blocks of literal values that are used by the code in the surrounding area. This is because ARM opcodes are always one 32-bit word, so you can't have a 32-bit constant in one of them.

The problem I had was that, without knowing more about the context than a single instruction, it was hard to translate transputer-code values and addresses into anything remotely efficient in ARM terms, so these literal pools became big - so big in some cases that it became impossible to use just pools at function boundaries. That was when I started looking around for alternatives.

Below I've included some of the code I wrote to work out whether a constant could be loaded directly or whether it had to be pooled.

Regards
Ruth


/* will v fit in mask m (eg. 0xff) with a shift of 2n? */

__inline unsigned int rotate_left_by_2(unsigned int v)
{
    unsigned r = (v << 2) | (v >> (30));
    return r;
}

unsigned int is_arm_immed(unsigned int v, int m)
{
    int n;
    int nm = ~m; /* e.g. 0xffffff00 */

    n = 0;
    while ((n < 14) && ((v & nm) == 0))
    {
        v = rotate_left_by_2(v);
        n++;
    }
    return (n != 14);
}

int big (int n, int bits)                     /* deal with big operands (12..32 bits) */
{
    if (bits == 8)
    {
        /* small means it will fit in 8 bits, modified by an even rotate, with sign independent */
        int k = (n >= 0) ? n : -n;
       
        if (is_arm_immed(k, 0xff))
        {
            mnem("ldimm"); T0; dec(n); COMMENT("big constant"); NL;
            return 1;
        }
    }
    else /* 12 bits excl. sign, straight */
    {
        if (is_arm_immed(n, 0xfff))
        {
            mnem("ldimm"); T0; dec(n); COMMENT("big constant"); NL;
            return 1;
        }
    }   
   
    return 0;
}

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